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Hello ,
this post is for troubleshooting a alsa setup on LinuxMint;
maybe it can help troubleshoot someone else, too.
setup was attempted with kind help of user @igorzwx
https://dev1galaxy.org/viewtopic.php?pid=49837#p49837
https://dev1galaxy.org/viewtopic.php?pid=57771#p57771
fuser -av $(find /dev/snd -type c 2>/dev/null)
fuser -av $(find /dev/snd -type c 2>/dev/null)
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/snd/controlC1:
/dev/snd/pcmC1D0p:
/dev/snd/controlC3:
/dev/snd/hwC3D0:
/dev/snd/pcmC3D2c:
/dev/snd/pcmC3D1p:
/dev/snd/pcmC3D0c:
/dev/snd/pcmC3D0p:
/dev/snd/controlC0:
/dev/snd/controlC2:
/dev/snd/hwC0D0:
/dev/snd/pcmC0D9p:
/dev/snd/pcmC0D8p:
/dev/snd/pcmC0D7p:
/dev/snd/pcmC0D3p:
/dev/snd/hwC2D0:
/dev/snd/pcmC2D7p:
/dev/snd/pcmC2D3p:
/dev/snd/seq:
/dev/snd/timer:
inxi -A
inxi -A
Audio:
Device-1: AMD Navi 31 HDMI/DP Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-2: AMD Rembrandt Radeon High Definition Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-3: AMD Family 17h/19h HD Audio driver: snd_hda_intel
Device-4: Cambridge Audio USB 1.0 driver: snd-usb-audio type: USB
API: ALSA v: k6.8.0-79-generic status: kernel-api
cat ~/.asoundrc
cat ~/.asoundrc
# ALSA library configuration file managed by arateconf.
#
# MANUAL CHANGES TO THIS FILE WILL BE OVERWRITTEN!
#
# Manual changes to the ALSA library configuration should be implemented
# by editing the ~/.asoundrc file, not by editing this file.#=====================================================
# Configuration for HDMI
#-----------------------------------------------------# Perform dmixer
pcm.dmixer_HDMI
{
type dmix
ipc_key 1024
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Direct mixing of multiple audio streams (HDMI)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:HDMI,0"rate 48000
channels 2
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform dsnooper
pcm.dsnooper_HDMI
{
type dsnoop
ipc_key 1025
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Recording from the same device for several applications simultaneously (HDMI)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:HDMI,0"rate 48000
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform duplex
pcm.duplex_HDMI
{
type asym
playback.pcm "dmixer_HDMI"
capture.pcm "dsnooper_HDMI"hint
{
show off
description "Full duplex for simultaneous playback and recording (HDMI)"
}
}# Perform convert
pcm.convert_HDMI
{
type rate
converter fftratehint
{
show off
description "Sample rate converter (HDMI)"
}slave
{
pcm "duplex_HDMI"
rate 48000
format S32_LE
}
}# Perform plug device
pcm.primary_HDMI
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_HDMI"
hint.description "Primary device (HDMI)"
}#=====================================================
# Configuration for C10
#-----------------------------------------------------# Perform dmixer
pcm.dmixer_C10
{
type dmix
ipc_key 1026
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Direct mixing of multiple audio streams (C10)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:C10,0"rate 192000
channels 2
format S24_3LEperiod_size 7680
buffer_size 30720
}
}# Perform dsnooper
pcm.dsnooper_C10
{
type dsnoop
ipc_key 1027
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Recording from the same device for several applications simultaneously (C10)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:C10,0"rate 192000
format S24_3LEperiod_size 7680
buffer_size 30720
}
}# Perform duplex
pcm.duplex_C10
{
type asym
playback.pcm "dmixer_C10"
capture.pcm "dsnooper_C10"hint
{
show off
description "Full duplex for simultaneous playback and recording (C10)"
}
}# Perform convert
pcm.convert_C10
{
type rate
converter fftratehint
{
show off
description "Sample rate converter (C10)"
}slave
{
pcm "duplex_C10"
rate 192000
format S24_3LE
}
}# Perform plug device
pcm.capture_C10
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_C10"
hint.description "Capture device (C10)"
}#=====================================================
# Configuration for Generic
#-----------------------------------------------------# Perform dmixer
pcm.dmixer_Generic
{
type dmix
ipc_key 1028
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Direct mixing of multiple audio streams (Generic)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:Generic,0"rate 48000
channels 2
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform dsnooper
pcm.dsnooper_Generic
{
type dsnoop
ipc_key 1029
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Recording from the same device for several applications simultaneously (Generic)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:Generic,0"rate 48000
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform duplex
pcm.duplex_Generic
{
type asym
playback.pcm "dmixer_Generic"
capture.pcm "dsnooper_Generic"hint
{
show off
description "Full duplex for simultaneous playback and recording (Generic)"
}
}# Perform convert
pcm.convert_Generic
{
type rate
converter fftratehint
{
show off
description "Sample rate converter (Generic)"
}slave
{
pcm "duplex_Generic"
rate 48000
format S32_LE
}
}# Perform plug device
pcm.primary_Generic
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_Generic"
hint.description "Default device (Generic)"
}#=====================================================
# Configuration for Generic_1
#-----------------------------------------------------# Perform dmixer
pcm.dmixer_Generic_1
{
type dmix
ipc_key 1030
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Direct mixing of multiple audio streams (Generic_1)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:Generic_1,0"rate 48000
channels 2
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform dsnooper
pcm.dsnooper_Generic_1
{
type dsnoop
ipc_key 1031
ipc_perm 0666hint
{
show off
description "Recording from the same device for several applications simultaneously (Generic_1)"
}slave
{
pcm "hw:Generic_1,0"rate 48000
format S32_LEperiod_size 1920
buffer_size 7680
}
}# Perform duplex
pcm.duplex_Generic_1
{
type asym
playback.pcm "dmixer_Generic_1"
capture.pcm "dsnooper_Generic_1"hint
{
show off
description "Full duplex for simultaneous playback and recording (Generic_1)"
}
}# Perform convert
pcm.convert_Generic_1
{
type rate
converter fftratehint
{
show off
description "Sample rate converter (Generic_1)"
}slave
{
pcm "duplex_Generic_1"
rate 48000
format S32_LE
}
}# Perform plug device
pcm.primary_Generic_1
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_Generic_1"
hint.description "Default device (Generic_1)"
}#=====================================================
# Configuration for default audio device
#-----------------------------------------------------# Perform plug device
pcm.capture
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_HDMI"
hint.description "Capture device"
}# Perform plug device
pcm.!default
{
type plug
slave.pcm "convert_C10"
hint.description "Primary device"
}
whereis arateconf
whereis arateconf
arateconf: /usr/bin/arateconf
issue is with
arateconf
whenever i change something there, it seems then to revert back to initial settings as shown here
===============
| Main menu |
---------------Curr. | Used | Play (def) | Rec (def) | Available cards
----------|------|------------|-----------|-----------------------------------
0 - >>>>> | * | * * | * * | HDA-Intel - HDA ATI HDMI
1 - | * | * | * | USB-Audio - Cambridge Audio USB Audio 1.0
2 - | * | * | * | HDA-Intel - HD-Audio Generic
3 - | * | * | * | HDA-Intel - HD-Audio GenericU - Toggle used flag
P - Set this device as default player
R - Set this device as default recorderO - Output device: HDMI,0
I - Input device : HDMI,0F - Format: 48000 Hz, 2 ch, 'S32_LE'
C - Converter: fftrateA - Show all plugins [ ]
M - Plug-ins:
[X] Convert, [ ] Expand, [X] Asym
[ ] Play Vol, [X] Dmix
[ ] Rec. Vol, [X] Dsnoop
[ ] Phonon, [ ] NormalizatorT - Test
S - Save to '/home/rich/.asoundrc'
X - Delete '/home/rich/.asoundrc'ESC - Exit
>
i mean, the setting is changed factually, from HDMI to DAC (as desired), but arateconf shows itself as if HDMI is default when i evoke it next time, or is this by default?
thanks
EDIT: it seems that the DAC has now effectively switch to 24Bit/96Khz, so maybe something has saved and worked.
EDIT2: sound however always revert back to HDMI, even if i set the output in Mate Sound Settings Output (from HDMI to USB DAC) > next time opening, its back to HDMI.
EDIT3: it seems arateconf is taking precedence, so maybe this can be solved?
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-02 17:39:12)
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Config was saved (but it was, perhaps, misconfigured). You can read it with command
cat ~/.asoundrc
Tests failed, perhaps.
Was it like this:
Saving config file...
Test: 'default' ... 'capture' ... Failed!
Test: 'default' ... 'capture' ... Failed!
Ok.
Try
DAC : 32bit 96kHz
HDA : 32bit 192kHz
HDMI: 16bit 48kHz
? DAC : 32bit 192kHz
What is in the spec? If 24bit, try 32bit and 24bit.
24bit usually means 32bit in this context.
EDIT:
If you managed to compile the fftrate (despite so little experience with Linux), you might be able to solve any problem.
HDMI is most probably 16bit 48kHz
HDA codec (motherboard) usually supports 32bit 192kHz (best quality) and some other formats.
If this you DAC spec _https://dev1galaxy.org/viewtopic.php?pid=57443#p57443
you have to try 32bit 192kHz
If it does not work, try 24bit or 16bit.
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-02 18:24:58)
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spec is perhaps
usb 1.0 > max. 24/96khz
usb 2.0> max 24/192khz
macos> over usb > max 24/192khz
s/pdif > max 24/96?
yes, little experience, but now it sounds better.
it seems if i switch to USB 2.0 mode, it wouldn't play, but maybe just needs to be re-configured again properly; will test some more.
could be wrong about those; there should be upsampling on the DAC from source material to 24/384, but this is not shown on the device itself;
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If you switch to USB2, it should be re-configured.
"upsampling on the DAC from source material to 24/384" (in your DAC) has nothing to do with the fftrate plugin, arateconf, and ALSA.
Spec of your DAC:
Digital input word widths supported
16-24bit
Digital input sampling frequencies supported
32kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz, 88.2kHz, 96kHz, 176.4kHz**, 192kHz
_https://dev1galaxy.org/viewtopic.php?pid=57443#p57443
On Linux (s/pdif), your DAC should support 32bit 192kHz (or 32bit 96kHz, or else).
It is so with OSS4 (in exclusive mode), and it should be the same with ALSA.
Try 32bit instead of 24bit.
The 32-bit representation serves as a larger, more flexible "container" to preserve the higher precision of the 24-bit data and prevent clipping during internal mixing or editing, especially in professional digital audio workstations (DAWs). The 24-bit data is stored within the 32-bit format, ensuring its precision is maintained without needing resampling.
Why 32-bit is Used as a Container
DAWs and audio servers use 32-bit internally to avoid the complexities of dithering and exporting to fixed-point formats like 24-bit...
When 24-bit integer data is stored in a 32-bit container, the 24-bit precision is preserved within the larger format, similar to storing a number like 0100 in a longer string of zeros, like 00000100.
...the data buffers which these descriptors define will contain the actual sound samples (or have samples written into them) structured like the content of .wav files (though 20 and 24-bit samples must be padded out with zeros at the LSB end to make them all 32-bits long).
_https://wiki.osdev.org/Intel_High_Definition_Audio
It may sound esoteric, but it is about Linux drivers for sound cards. The drivers usually support 32-bit (rather than 24-bit) containers for audio formats (digital input).
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-03 00:14:57)
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thanks, but i have not yet s/pdif on the PC motherboard; was planning to buy the pcie x1 card , but postponed; will check then.
yes, i have heard that sound over USB may be spotty, and although it seems there offer higher bandwith intotal when compared to s/pdif, that may well not be the whole there is to the story.
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i have heard that sound over USB may be spotty
The sound over USB might be spotty and crappy, if ALSA is misconfigured, or because of pulseaudio or pipewire.
The ALSA driver for your USB DAC is likely to support 32bit 192kHz, because your USB DAC has 24bit 192kHz spec.
You may better test both 32bit and 24bit. That is why arateconf provides a utility to test which audio formats are supported by ALSA drivers.
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-03 01:53:59)
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have tested with app cmus and set output_plugin to alsa however it still would not play; any ideas?:::
error is
Error: opening audio device: No such file or directory
the audio however is playing fine through firefox and/or mpv, rhythmbox etc.
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Try to run it with apulse
apulse cmus
You may need to install apulse
sudo apt install apulse
Using cmus with ALSA
_https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Cmus
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-03 09:03:27)
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no luck this time with apulse
have inserted the error on github support page, maybe the develper can help. thanks!
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-03 09:02:14)
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Using cmus with ALSA
_https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Cmus
To fix it, create a new configuration file
nano ~/.config/cmus/rc
and set the following variables:
$ cat ~/.config/cmus/rc
set output_plugin=alsa
set dsp.alsa.device=default
set mixer.alsa.device=default
set mixer.alsa.channel=Master
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-03 09:32:45)
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well thank you, this has functioned beautifully.
really one big problemsolver! best of wishes.
EDIT: i don't necessarily "like" arch, but they tend to have good documentation.
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-03 12:26:17)
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Arch had a very good wiki.
Many experienced users left Arch because of systemd and pulseaudio.
Arch has been in decline since 2010.
In 2009, Arch was easy to install and easy to use. It did not have pulseaudio. Both ALSA and OSS4 were available in official repositories. Many Ubuntu users migrated to Arch in the hope to get rid of pulseaudio. It was decided, therefore, to utilize them for testing pulseaudio, Gnome3, and systemd. Perhaps nobody was happy about being utilized in such a way.
Arch was about freedom and "keep it simple" principle (KISS). But if you have enough users, why not sell them for testing systemd?
On the other hand, if one believes himself possessed of the absolute truth, he is entitled by this very truth to force it upon others if those others don't understand or accept it. The truth itself serves as a legitimate basis for asserting power or control.
A new leader in the north of the island, Neloaig (Nelawihang), proclaimed himself John Frum, King of America and of Tanna. He organized an armed force which conscripted labour for the construction of an aerodrome which the Americans had told him to build for American Liberator planes bringing goods from John Frum's father. Those who refused to work would be bombed by planes. This pressed labour was resisted by a few natives who were wounded...
The police reinforcements, with two U.S. officers, were quickly dispatched to the John Frum airstrip. There they found 200 men at work, surrounded by others with guns. After the latter were disarmed, an American officer spoke to the natives, trying to persuade them of their folly. This was backed up by a demonstration of the power of a tommy-gun turned on a John Frum poster pinned to a nearby tree. Many fled in panic; the police then burned down a John Frum hut and took forty-six prisoners.Peter Worsley (1957), The Trumpet Shall Sound: A study of 'cargo' cults in Melanesia, London: MacGibbon & Kee, p. 158.
The absolute truth by its very nature is exclusive, it does not permit any other truths to exist. The absolute truth is inherently self-consistent: if something is absolutely true, its opposite cannot be true, and its truth is independent of perspective or opinion. The absolute truth is the only valid and ethical justification for an action or activity, particularly in context of software development.
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-04 16:10:38)
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hello igorzwx,
i am still experimenting with Desktop OS; none has yet fully satisfied, but that is outside of scope.
would you mind giving a comment on Kubuntu since it is functioning quite well since i have newer system with AMD graphics and need for some Amdgpu driver sometimes for DRM to watch TV on Computer etc.
now if i attempt your "trick" with removeing Pulseaudio et Pipewire getting this
The following packages will be REMOVED:
gstreamer1.0-pipewire* kubuntu-desktop* libcanberra-pulse* pipewire* pipewire-bin* pipewire-pulse* plasma-pa* pulseaudio-utils* wireplumber*
this on kubuntu 25.04 (wayland enabled); practically it removes the whole desktop, as it did on debian 7 and 8 with gnome3 if one attempted to remove pulseaudio;
is it safe to do? this install is already sort of a "hybrid" since there are no official amdgpu drivers outside of (for Ubuntu) outside Ubuntu LTS (hence atm 22.04 and 24.04).
Thanks.
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-04 18:57:10)
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"kubuntu-desktop" is not a Desktop. It is a meta package, which can be safely removed.
The names can be misleading.
You may better try to install Mate Desktop, and then remove "mate-desktop".
Do you have a testing system?
$ apt-file list mate-desktop
mate-desktop: /usr/bin/mate-about
mate-desktop: /usr/bin/mate-color-select
mate-desktop: /usr/share/applications/mate-about.desktop
mate-desktop: /usr/share/applications/mate-color-select.desktop
mate-desktop: /usr/share/doc/mate-desktop/changelog.Debian.gz
mate-desktop: /usr/share/doc/mate-desktop/changelog.gz
mate-desktop: /usr/share/doc/mate-desktop/copyright
mate-desktop: /usr/share/man/man1/mate-about.1.gz
mate-desktop: /usr/share/man/man1/mate-color-select.1.gz
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-04 20:22:09)
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Do you have a testing system?
well, sort of, have 2 nvme at disposal for linux; one is main system drive (atm kubuntu), the other is varying, atm for ubuntu flavors, since am still using amdgpu driver ; installing linux mint 22.2 mate edition as i type.
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Do not forget to install mate-desktop-environment-extra
Post the output of this command;
ls -1 /etc/xdg/autostart | grep 'mate-volume-control\|nm-applet'
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-04 20:43:33)
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The following information may help to resolve the situation:
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
mate-desktop-environment-extras : Depends: mate-desktop-environment (= 1.26.0+1ubuntu6) but 2023.08.28+mint21.2 is to be installed
Recommends: caja-eiciel but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: caja-gtkhash but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: caja-image-converter (>= 1.26) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: caja-rename but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: caja-seahorse but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: dconf-editor but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: mate-dock-applet but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: mate-menu (>= 18.04) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: mate-tweak (>= 18.04) but it is not going to be installed
Recommends: mate-user-share (>= 1.26) but it is not going to be installed
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
was already suspecting there might be issues with "zara" 22.2 ; there could be safer play with 22.1 "xia" overall i like mint quite a lot (no snaps, flatpak pre-installed, relatively stable) , but it all tend to be slow , although i have relatively new hardware; maybe the graphics driver is not super-correctly installed; amdgpu driver install can be bit of a challenge, there are many different routines and options, can bit confusing;
ls -1 /etc/xdg/autostart | grep 'mate-volume-control\|nm-applet'
mate-volume-control-status-icon.desktop
nm-applet.desktop
kubuntu is sort of stable now; had to go the 25.04 for wayland; on 25.04 you can retain amdgpu (for 24.04); whereas on 25.10 would loose it;
probably time to ditch amdgpu altogether and get back on the devuan-cruiser.
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-04 20:54:25)
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Run
sudo apt install -f
It should fix everything.
If it does not help
sudo apt remove mate-desktop-environment-extra mate-desktop-environment-extras
I had the same problem with Linux Mint. It has always been buggy.
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-04 21:00:10)
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ti would not install, is it important?
sudo apt remove mate-desktop-environment-extra mate-desktop-environment-extras
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
Package 'mate-desktop-environment-extra' is not installed, so not removed
Package 'mate-desktop-environment-extras' is not installed, so not removed
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
need amdgpu (opencl) also for this program, quite to my like
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Everything OK
On Devuan
$ apt info mate-desktop-environment-extras
...
Recommends: blueman, caja-admin, caja-eiciel, caja-gtkhash, caja-image-converter (>= 1.26), caja-open-terminal (>= 1.26), caja-rename, caja-seahorse, caja-sendto (>= 1.26), caja-wallpaper (>= 1.26), dconf-editor, gnome-keyring, gnome-system-tools, mate-dock-applet, mate-menu (>= 18.04), mate-sensors-applet (>= 1.26), mate-tweak (>= 18.04), mate-user-share (>= 1.26), mozo (>= 1.26), yelp
Suggests: caja-share (>= 1.26), mate-netbook (>= 1.26), mate-user-guide
...
You can install them manually, if you need.
On Devuan:
$ apt-cache search amdgpu
libdrm-amdgpu1 - Userspace interface to amdgpu-specific kernel DRM services -- runtime
ricks-amdgpu-utils - transitional package
xserver-xorg-video-amdgpu - X.Org X server -- AMDGPU display driver
firmware-amd-graphics - Binary firmware for AMD/ATI graphics chips
Check what is available on Linux Mint. Run:
apt-cache search amdgpu
Linux Mint is slow on very old computers. Devuan is much faster.
Devuan is inherently faster than many other distributions, because it replaces systemd with a lighter init system like sysvinit, runit, or openRC. This reduces memory usage and improves boot times. The actual speed difference is also influenced by the chosen desktop environment, specific applications, and hardware capabilities.
Linux Mint is very buggy, you may need to reboot it frequently.
Installing or Uninstalling the AMDGPU stack
_https://amdgpu-install.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install-installing.html
AMDGPU - ArchWiki
_https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/AMDGPU
Debian Wiki
AMD/ATI Drivers (amdgpu, radeon, r128, mach64)
This page describes the process of installing and configuring the display drivers for ATI/AMD graphics hardware on Debian systems.
_https://wiki.debian.org/AtiHowTo
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-04 22:36:46)
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it might be so;
yes, i know the routine offered by debian wiki to install the drivers, but those are not sufficient for the opencl;
have found a bug in mint (mate); it would not let me arrange the monitors as desired in the monitor preferences; it might be an error in linux mint or else;
this error occurs irrespective of amdgpu installed or not; also after un-installing (and reboot) amdgpu the error persists;
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You may better start a new topic about amdgpu
Most probably, everything should work.
The users of amdgpu may help you to sort it out.
Configuring Linux for Multiple Displays
_https://docs.vpixx.com/faq/configuring-linux-for-multiple-displays
Last edited by igorzwx (2025-09-05 11:52:03)
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thanks igorzwx,
switched to Devuan 5.0 (cinnamon) and everything functioned fine so far (system-d-less, alsa-only, no-snap, flatpak, cups etc).
also without amdgpu; since i have no high-resolution display 4k/5k, the program can use raw cpu power to make the necessary calculations that otherwise would be offload to GPU;
ran however this benchmark on both kubuntu and devuan/(or mint) and the value for kubuntu is thrice+ (~800 vs ~200) the value am getting on devuan or mint; wonder if there is any worth to this benchmark;
HPL Linpack 2.3:
pts/hpl-1.0.0
Last edited by kapqa (2025-09-05 12:47:50)
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You likely do not need the Linpack benchmark for typical personal computer use or stability testing, as it's a specialized tool for measuring the performance of supercomputers on a very specific task (solving dense linear systems) and for use in the TOP500 list. You might need it if you are benchmarking a high-performance computing (HPC) cluster, contributing to the TOP500, or trying to aggressively stress-test an overclocked PC.
Do not take anything for granted, especially the answers of AI.
AI is not allowed to use on Devuan forums.
Notice, however, that genetics and cybernetics were prohibited by Stalin and Khrushchev, because they are "prostitutes of capitalism". The Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov was sentenced to death in 1941. His sentence was later commuted to 20 years in a labor camp, but he died in prison in 1943 from harsh conditions and starvation.
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AI is not allowed to use on Devuan forums.
that was funny, what would make you say that? who decided it? who was the dictatorial "benefactor"?
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