Mostly, you need to give up on them. They will not run.

Blu-Ray uses JAVA to show a menu on screen. That *used* to work with Linux, but no more. If you have spent any time with Linux you will understand that last sentence completely. However, it also affects a (physical) Samsung Blue-Ray reader that I use to show (upto now, only) DVDs on a large TV-Screen (Samsung Smart TV). It will play the 2001 movie, but no menus. A little better with VLC after the updates: It will play the movie but no menus. VLC will, however show a 'Top Title' via Playback | Title | Top Menu, and that shows me all the titles in the disk, with text to describe them.

I was very much hoping that my old, cheap external DVD-reader/burner (~£12) would be able to read a blu-ray. Of course not, so that meant buying a new Blu-Ray reader (£84.98).

The new DVD connects via USB just like the old DVD, and this one revealed files & dirs, but neither VLC nor Handbrake would play. Even after following Interwebs advice I got the following:

$ /usr/bin/vlc bluray:///dev/sr1
VLC media player 3.0.18 Vetinari (revision 3.0.13-8-g41878ff4f2)
[000056024a64f580] main libvlc: Running vlc with the default interface. Use 'cvlc' to use vlc without interface.
keydbcfg.c:680: No valid AACS configuration files found
aacs.c:121: No usable AACS libraries found!
dec.c:197: aacs_open() failed: -2!
[00007f860c001160] libbluray demux: First play: 1, Top menu: 1
HDMV Titles: 19, BD-J Titles: 0, Other: 0

(this was due to my the supplier case-error in naming the cfg file - see 'Fix' below)

Sources:

• How to play blu rays on ubuntu 20.04

• Obtain latest Blu-Ray Decryption keys

• Original Find-the-VUK forum post

The Fix:

When DVDs first appeared Linux could not play them. They were encrypted & not (as I understand it) documented. That got fixed & DVDs can now easily be played under Linux. Blu-Ray is more difficult, in that an ID (VUK - part of 'aacs') needs to exist for your specific disk in your specific language.

What follows now are the steps to take (identical to Debian, as it happens):

1. Install the necessary libraries:

   $ sudo apt install vlc libaacs0 libbluray-bdj libbluray2

2. Download & install the latest file of Blu-Ray decryption keys in a specific place with a specific name:
   (note that the supplied ZIP contains the correct file with the correct name but in the wrong case)

   $ la /usr/share/doc/libaacs0/KEYDB.cfg.gz
   -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2615 May  4  2017 /usr/share/doc/libaacs0/KEYDB.cfg.gz
   $ mkdir $HOME/.config/aacs
   $ cd $HOME/.config/aacs
   $ wget http://fvonline-db.bplaced.net/fv_download.php?lang=eng
   $ mv 'fv_download.php?lang=eng' keydb_eng.zip
   $ unzip keydb_eng.zip
   Archive:  keydb_eng.zip
     inflating: keydb.cfg

   (give it the correct name (case-sensitive))

   $ mv keydb.cfg KEYDB.cfg

3. All The VLC Blu-Ray players will now work, as does Handbrake:

   $ /usr/bin/vlc bluray:///dev/sr1
   VLC media player 3.0.18 Vetinari (revision 3.0.13-8-g41878ff4f2)
   [000056145484c580] main libvlc: Running vlc with the default interface. Use 'cvlc' to use vlc without interface.
   aacs.c:170: ignoring empty drl
   [00007f0578001120] libbluray demux: First play: 1, Top menu: 1
   HDMV Titles: 19, BD-J Titles: 0, Other: 0
   [00007f0578001120] libbluray demux: Adding ES 4113 select 1
   [00007f0578001120] libbluray demux: Adding ES 4352 select 1
   …
   [00007f0558003890] gl gl: Initialized libplacebo v2.72.0 (API v72)
   libva info: VA-API version 1.10.0
   libva info: Trying to open /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/dri/radeonsi_drv_video.so
   libva info: Found init function __vaDriverInit_1_10
   libva info: va_openDriver() returns 0
   [00007f056c006170] avcodec decoder: Using Mesa Gallium driver 20.3.5 for AMD KABINI (DRM 2.50.0, 6.0.0-0.deb11.6-amd64, LLVM 11.0.1) for hardware decoding
   qt.qpa.xcb: QXcbConnection: XCB error: 3 (BadWindow), sequence: 7365, resource id: 17060910, major code: 40 (TranslateCoords), minor code: 0

A script to use under cron to keep the CFG file updated would be useful.

Updated 2023-01-22:
Corrected small errors. See also my next post for Blu-Ray menu errors (not fixed)

HTH